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The Improvement of the Protection of Human Rights in Constitutional Systems

It was not until the end of the 18th century that fundamental human rights and freedoms, one of the most remarkable indicators and elements of democracy, have attained constitutional guarantees. The steps have been taken to provide human rights with protection at the 20th century in the international arena have been reflected at the national level and human rights have attained Constitutional Status in many countries.

This study addressing the process of being guaranteed of fundamental human rights and freedoms in constitutional systems will focus on the instruments and mechanicms devoted to the effective protection of human rights. In this regard, the indispensability of the principle of Separation of Powers in terms of the protection of human rights, the impacts of the forms of constitutions and of government types on the protection of human rights, and the models of Continental and American Constitutional Review will be discussed.

The Protection of Human Rights, Separation of Powers, Instruments and Mechanisms Established to Protect Human Rights.

Demokrasinin vazgeçilmez unsurlarından biri olan insan hak ve hürriyetlerinin Anayasal güvenceye kavuşması 18. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru mümkün olmuştur. İnsan haklarının korunması amacıyla uluslararası düzeyde 20. yüzyılda atılan adımlar, devletlerin ulusal politiklarına da yansımış ve insan hakları bir takım etkin mekanizmalar kurularak dünyanın birçok üllkesinde Anayasal statüye kavuşmuştur.

İnsan hak ve hürriyetlerinin Anayasal sistemlerde güvence altına alınma sürecini ele alan bu çalışmada, etkin bir korumanın ne tür araç ve mekanizmalarla sağlanabileceği hususu üzerinde durulacaktır. Bu bağlamda, güçler ayrılığı ilkesinin benimsenmesinin insan haklarının korunması açısından vazgeçilmez olduğuna, anayasa ve hükümet çeşitlerinin ve Kıta Avrupası ile Amerikan Yargı Sisteminin bu korumaya nasıl bir katkılarının olduğuna temas edilecek ve hangi tür mekanizmalar ile bu korumanın güçlendirildiğine değinilecektir.

İnsan Haklarının Korunması, Güçler Ayrılığı, İnsan Haklarını Korumak için Kurluan Mekanizmalar.

INTRODUCTION

The value attached to fundamental human rights and freedoms, one of the most remarkable indicators and elements of democracy, and considered as the legitimacy of political powers, has been increasing in importance in liberal democracies which have entrenched protections for human rights against dictatorship by the majority.

As is known, the recognition, protection and development of human rights and freedoms became universal in the 20th century, which can be characterized as the triumph of human rights. Nevertheless, this achievement was overshadowed by World Wars I and II where numerous human rights and humanitarion law violations, particularly genocides, occurred. In this century, human rights appear in every sphere of an individual's life; and have become an essential part of the economic, political and social debates on both the national and international arena.

However, the current position of human rights has been obtained as a result of long standing efforts. It was not until the late 20th century that human rights became a central concern to the world community, and were regulated and protected under international instruments. The establishment of the League of Nations in 1920, the United Nations in 1945, the League of Arab States in 1945, the European Union in 1951; and human rights protection mechanisms, such as, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in 1959, African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights in 2004, and the International Criminal Court in 2002, have made tremendous contributions to the recognition and protection of human rights. The most important purpose of these organisations and mechanisms is, arguably, "to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, or sex..."1 However, it can be convincingly argued that the efforts of international organisations dedicated to the protection of human rights will not be sufficient unless the developments at the international level are reflected on domestic law.